Subtopic: Temperature and Pressure

Temperature and Pressure
	Rotation 1 Pressure Squirts	Rotation 2 How Warm is Water?	Rotation 3
Learning Objectives/Lesson Goals	Students will : Demonstrate that pressure increases with depth Estimate the effects of water pressure at various relative depths.	Students will: Feel water that is approximately the temperature of the deep ocean Describe how the surface sea temperature changes through with the seasons Explain why surface sea temperatures change through the year but deep water temperatures remain nearly constant	Students will: Understand how the increase in pressure will feel against their skin. Know what happens to a swim bladder as it descends in the ocean.
WHERE	Classroom	Classroom	Outside
WHO	Teacher/Parents	Teacher and aides.	7/8 Graders (with parent)
MATERIALS	Large deep (3”) tray to catch the water in One 1l soda bottles with small holes punctured at regular intervals One 2l soda bottles with small holes punctured at regular intervals Tape Regular styrofoam cup Collapsed styrofoam cup Mini marshmallows One 1l soda bottle One cap pump Safety goggles Or for 6th grade A hard boiled egg Vaseline A glass Snapple bottle Scrap paper to burn Matches	Bowl Thermometer Ice Water Towels	deep bucket Trash bags water balloons/small balloons
ACTIVITIES	Ask the question:” Have you ever felt pressure from the water when you are swimming?” Stand the 1l bottle in the deep tray and tape the holes closed with one piece of tape. Fill the bottle with water. Tell the students to watch what happens to the flow of the water Remove the piece of tape. Ask:”How does the flow change?” Answer:it slows down because there is less pressure as the water drains out Ask:”Which hole squirts farthest?” Answer:The bottom hole squirts farther because there is more pressure the deeper you go Stand the 2l bottle in the deep tray and tape the holes closed with one piece of tape. Fill the bottle with water. Tell the students to watch what happens to the flow of the water Remove the piece of tape. Ask:”Is the water from this bottle squirting further than the first?” Answer: No they squirt the same - it is depth not volume of water that causes pressure Complete the notes in the pressure squirts section of the handbook. Show the effects of Pressure, volume and density on Scuba diving sheet - read through and talk about the effects of pressure. Show a normal styrofoam coffee cup, then show the collapsed coffee cup. Ask them what they think might have happened? Explain it used to be the same size as the first cup but it went on a deep dive over the side of a research vessel and all the air space in the cup was compressed by the water pressure. (6th grade skip to 22)Fill the bottle without holes 3/4 full with small marshmallows. Then thread the pump cap onto the top of the bottle and tighten. The pump cap will allow you to put more air into the bottle. Do not pump it yet Pass around the bottle for everyone to look at and record their observation in the Pressure Change section in the handbook. Pump the cap as much as you can. This will add more air particles into the bottle. Pass around the bottle again for everyone to look at and record their observation in the Pressure Change section in the handbook. UNSCREW the pump cap. BE SURE TO WATCH CAREFULLY when you release the pressure. It happens fast! (6th grade only)Nest two pieces of paper folded together to make a taper and light it with the matches. Once it is burning well push it inside the bottle glass Snapple bottle. Quickly place the egg (lubricated with Vaseline) over the mouth of the bottle and apply gentle downward pressure to seal the bottle. As the fire consumes the oxygen and heats the air it will decrease the air pressure. If everything goes right it should pull the egg into the bottle	Ask “Has anyone gone swimming in the ocean in the winter and the summer?” “What is the temperature difference?” Ask “Can anyone describe the temperature change they felt when they dove into deep water?” Have the students place their hand quickly into the bowl of ice water and wait for their response. Tell the students that scientists have put buoys in the middle of the ocean to collect data. There is one of these buoys off the coast of Pacifica. It is called Station 46059 and it is 357 nautical miles west of San Francisco. This buoy collects data about the wind, water temperature and the waves. Tell the students “We can use this data to create graphs to see patterns. For 2/3 rd graders show them the premade graph and discus the patterns then skip to section 8. We are going to graph some data collected from Buoy 46059. Find the section in your Oceans 411 handbook titled ‘How warm is the water?’” Using the graph labeled ‘Surface Temperature from March 2002 Feb 2003’. Help the students plot the points on the graph and connect the dots. Tell the students to look for the next graph titled ‘Temperature vs depth’ and pass out four different color pencils to each student. Tell them they are going to make four lines on one graph so that each month is a different color. They will graph the surface temperature and the temperature at 500m and 1000m. Discuss the temperature changes on the surface compared to the temperature changes in the deep water. Ask the students “Why do you think there is little change in the deep water?” Tell them the average temperature in the ocean is just above freezing at 33-34 degrees F. Ask the students “What kind of adaptations do you think animals might need at this temperature?” If time play a game of tag where you call out a zone of deep ocean: Mesopelagic zone (means they can run) Bathypelagic zone (means they can jog) Abyssopelagic zone (means they can walk) The temperature drops over several hundred meters. The temperature at the Mesopelagic zone varies from 20o c at the top around 4o c. The Bathypelagic zone temperature ranges between 10o c to 4o c. The Abyssopelagic zone temperature ranges from 2o c to 3o c.	Show slides of the effects of pressure For grades 2/3 explain they are going to feel the pressure of water pushing on their arm. We don't feel it as much with bare skin as you would with clothing on or with this bag covering your skin. For grades 4-6 do the experiment first then ask them to analyze it after. Ask students to push up their sleeves and take turns putting their arm into the garbage bag, then slowly slide their covered arm into the tall pail of water. For 4-6th grade ask What do you feel? Notice that the bag is pushed close to your arm on all sides. That is the pressure of water pushing on your arm. We don't feel it as much with bare skin as you would with clothing on or with this bag covering your skin. Now have the students take turns holding a small, air filled balloon and try to push the balloon under water. What happens to the balloon as it is pushed deeper into the water? The balloon should shrink slightly the deeper it is pushed into the water. Tell the students that deep sea fish do not have swim bladders (air filled sacks to help them change depths and remain buoyant. Why don’t deep sea fish have them? What would happen to the fish? The air (or gaseous) areas of the fish could not withstand the pressure and the animal would be crushed.
Resources	Video: Earth Science in Action Schlessinger Media, c2000 ISBN # 1572253495 Conceptual Physics Alive LIQUIDS I and I: San Mateo Dept. Ed Item # V7063 & V7064 Exploring Temperatures in the Oceans San Mateo Dept. Ed Item # V1035 Books: The power of Pressure By Andrew Dunn ISBN # 1568470150 Physics lab in the Home By Robert Friedhoffer ISBN # 053111323X Let’s take a Field Trip to the Deep Sea By Kathy Furgang ISBN # 082395448X Super Science Projects about the Ocean By Allen B. Cobbs ISBN # 0823931749 Websites: http://coexploration.org/bbsr/classroombats/index.html http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.phtml?station=46059 http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/blowballast/sub/work4.htm	Video: Earth Science in Action Schlessinger Media, c2000 ISBN # 1572253495 Conceptual Physics Alive LIQUIDS I and I: San Mateo Dept. Ed Item # V7063 & V7064 Exploring Temperatures in the Oceans San Mateo Dept. Ed Item # V1035 Books: The power of Pressure By Andrew Dunn ISBN # 1568470150 Physics lab in the Home By Robert Friedhoffer ISBN # 053111323X Let’s take a Field Trip to the Deep Sea By Kathy Furgang ISBN # 082395448X Super Science Projects about the Ocean By Allen B. Cobbs ISBN # 0823931749 Websites: http://coexploration.org/bbsr/classroombats/index.html http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.phtml?station=46059 http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/blowballast/sub/work4.htm	Slides: 2nd-4th Grade 6th Grade Video: Earth Science in Action Schlessinger Media, c2000 ISBN # 1572253495 Conceptual Physics Alive LIQUIDS I and I: San Mateo Dept. Ed Item # V7063 & V7064 Exploring Temperatures in the Oceans San Mateo Dept. Ed Item # V1035 Books: The power of Pressure By Andrew Dunn ISBN # 1568470150 Physics lab in the Home By Robert Friedhoffer ISBN # 053111323X Let’s take a Field Trip to the Deep Sea By Kathy Furgang ISBN # 082395448X Super Science Projects about the Ocean By Allen B. Cobbs ISBN # 0823931749 Websites: http://coexploration.org/bbsr/classroombats/index.html http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/station_page.phtml?station=46059 http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/blowballast/sub/work4.htm